Pharmaceutical composition

ABSTRACT

A pharmaceutical composition is described. The composition comprises: (i) a drug component comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of giycopyrrolate; and (ii) a propellant component comprising 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a).

The present invention relates to the delivery of drug formulations from a medical device, such as a metered dose inhaler (MDI), using a propellant comprising 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a). More particularly, the present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising HFA-152a propellant and a drug formulation which is dissolved or suspended in the propellant and to medical devices containing those compositions. The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are particularly suited for delivery from a pressurised aerosol container using a metered dose inhaler (MDI).

MDIs are the most significant type of inhalation drug delivery system and are well known to those skilled in the art. They are designed to deliver, on demand, a discrete and accurate amount of a drug to the respiratory tract of a patient using a liquefied propellant in which the drug is dissolved, suspended or dispersed. The design and operation of MDIs is described in many standard textbooks and in the patent literature. They all comprise a pressurised container that holds the drug formulation, a nozzle and a valve assembly that is capable of dispensing a controlled quantity of the drug through the nozzle when it is activated. The nozzle and valve assembly are typically located in a housing that is equipped with a mouth piece. The drug formulation will comprise a propellant, in which the drug is dissolved, suspended or dispersed, and may contain other materials such as polar excipients, surfactants and preservatives.

In order for a propellant to function satisfactorily in MDIs, it needs to have a number of properties. These include an appropriate boiling point and vapour pressure so that it can be liquefied in a closed container at room temperature but develop a high enough pressure when the MDI is activated to deliver the drug as an atomised formulation even at low ambient temperatures. Further, the propellant should be of low acute and chronic toxicity and have a high cardiac sensitisation threshold. It should have a high degree of chemical stability in contact with the drug, the container and the metallic and non-metallic components of the MDI device, and have a low propensity to extract low molecular weight substances from any elastomeric materials in the MDI device. The propellant should also be capable of maintaining the drug in a homogeneous solution, in a stable suspension or in a stable dispersion for a sufficient time to permit reproducible delivery of the drug in use. When the drug is in suspension in the propellant, the density of the liquid propellant is desirably similar to that of the solid drug in order to avoid rapid sinking or floating of the drug particles in the liquid. Finally, the propellant should not present a significant flammability risk to the patient in use. In particular, it should form a non-flammable or low flammability mixture when mixed with air in the respiratory tract.

Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) possesses a suitable combination of properties and was for many years the most widely used MDI propellant, often blended with trichlorofluoromethane (R-11). Due to international concern that fully and partially halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), such as dichlorodifluoromethane and trichlorofluoromethane, were damaging the earth's protective ozone layer, many countries entered into an agreement, the Montreal Protocol, stipulating that their manufacture and use should be severely restricted and eventually phased out completely. Dichlorodifluoromethane and trichlorofluoromethane were phased out for refrigeration use in the 1990's, but are still used in small quantities in the MDI sector as a result of an essential use exemption in the Montreal Protocol.

1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFA-134a) was introduced as a replacement refrigerant and MDI propellant for R-12. 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFA-227ea) was also introduced as a replacement propellant for dichlorotetrafluoroethane (R-114) in the MDI sector and is sometimes used alone or blended with HFA-134a for this application.

Although HFA-134a and HFA-227ea have low ozone depletion potentials (ODPs), they have global warming potentials (GWPs), 1430 and 3220 respectively, which are now considered to be too high by some regulatory bodies, especially for dispersive uses when they are released into the atmosphere.

One industrial area that has received particular attention recently has been the automotive air-conditioning sector where the use of HFA-134a has come under regulatory control as a result of the European Mobile Air Conditioning Directive (2006/40/EC). Industry is developing a number of possible alternatives to HFA-134a in automotive air conditioning and other applications that have a low greenhouse warming potential (GWP) as well as a low ozone depletion potential (ODP). Many of these alternatives include hydrofluoropropenes, especially the tetrafluoropropenes, such as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf) and 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze).

Although the proposed alternatives to HFA-134a have a low GWP, the toxicological status of many of the components, such as certain of the fluoropropenes, is unclear and they are unlikely to be acceptable for use in the MDI sector for many years, if at all.

Glycopyrrolate (also known as glycopyrronium) is a long acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) that is used in the treatment of COPD. It is typically used as part of a combination therapy in which the drug component also includes a long acting beta-2 agonist (LABA).

Unfortunately, it has proven difficult to formulate glycopyrrolate in a form that is suitable for delivery using a MDI due to its limited physical and chemical stability. This problem has been addressed in the past by incorporating an acid stabilizer, such as an organic or inorganic acid, in the drug formulation. However, the use of acid stabilizers in the drug formulation necessitates the use of expensive coated cans to hold the formulation if corrosion problems are to be avoided.

There is a need for a pharmaceutical composition of glycopyrrolate which can be delivered using a MDI and that uses a propellant having a reduced GWP in comparison with HFA-134a and HFA-227ea. There is also a need for a pharmaceutical composition which exhibits satisfactory stability without the use of acid stabilizers.

We have found that the issues associated with the use of glycopyrrolate-based formulations in MDIs may be overcome by using a propellant that comprises 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a), particularly where the formulations contain low amounts of water. These formulations can exhibit improved chemical stability, improved aerosolisation performance for improved drug delivery, good suspension stability, reduced GWP, good compatibility with standard uncoated aluminium cans as well as good compatibility with standard valves and seals.

According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition, e.g. a pharmaceutical suspension or a pharmaceutical solution, said composition comprising:

-   (i) a drug component comprising at least one pharmaceutically     acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate, especially glycopyrronium     bromide; and -   (ii) a propellant component comprising 1,1-difluoroethane     (HFA-152a).

The pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention typically contains less than 500 ppm of water based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. The improved chemical stability is observed, in particular, when the pharmaceutical composition contains less than 100 ppm, preferably less than 50 ppm, more preferably less than 10 ppm and particularly less than 5 ppm of water based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. In referring to the water content of the pharmaceutical composition, we are referring to the content of free water in the composition and not any water that happens to be present in any hydrated drug compounds that may be used as part of the drug component. In an especially preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is water-free. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect may contain greater than 0.5 ppm of water, e.g. greater than 1 ppm, but less than the amounts discussed above, as it can in practice be difficult to remove all the water from the composition and then retain it in such a water-free state.

Accordingly a preferred embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition, e.g. a pharmaceutical suspension or a pharmaceutical solution, said composition comprising:

-   (i) a drug component comprising at least one pharmaceutically     acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate, especially glycopyrronium     bromide; and -   (ii) a propellant component comprising 1,1-difluoroethane     (HFA-152a),     -   wherein the composition contains less than 100 ppm, preferably         less than 50 ppm, more preferably less than 10 ppm and         especially less than 5 ppm of water based on the total weight of         the pharmaceutical composition.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention contains less than 1000 ppm, preferably less than 500 ppm, more preferably less than 100 ppm and particularly less than 50 ppm of dissolved oxygen based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. In an especially preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is oxygen-free. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect may contain greater than 0.5 ppm of oxygen, e.g. 1 ppm or greater, but less than the amounts discussed above, as it can in practice be difficult to retain the composition in an oxygen-free state. Low oxygen contents are preferred because they tend to reduce the degradation of the drug compounds resulting in a composition with higher chemical stability.

Accordingly a preferred embodiment of the first aspect of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition, e.g. a pharmaceutical suspension or a pharmaceutical solution, said composition comprising:

-   (i) a drug component comprising at least one pharmaceutically     acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate, especially glycopyrronium     bromide; and -   (ii) a propellant component comprising 1,1-difluoroethane     (HFA-152a),     -   wherein the composition contains less than 1000 ppm, preferably         less than 500 ppm, more preferably less than 100 ppm and         especially less than 50 ppm of oxygen based on the total weight         of the pharmaceutical composition.

The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is suitable for delivery to the respiratory tract using a metered dose inhaler (MDI).

The at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate in the pharmaceutical composition of the invention in all aspects and embodiments disclosed herein is preferably in a micronized form. Further, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention in all aspects and embodiments disclosed herein is preferably free of perforated microstructures.

The at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate may be dispersed or suspended in the propellant. The drug particles in such suspensions preferably have a diameter of less than 100 microns, e.g. less than 50 microns. However, in an alternative embodiment the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are solutions with the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate dissolved in the propellant, e.g. with the assistance of a polar excipient, such as ethanol.

The pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention includes a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate (also known as glycopyrronium). Glycopyrrolate is a quaternary ammonium salt. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable counter ions include, for example, fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, formate, acetate, trifluoroacetate, propionate, butyrate, lactate, citrate, tartrate, malate, maleate, succinate, benzoate, p-chlorobenzoate, diphenyl-acetate or triphenylacetate, o-hydroxybenzoate, p-hydroxybenzoate, 1-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylate, 3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylate, methanesulfonate and benzenesulfonate. A preferred compound is the bromide salt of glycopyrrolate also known as glycopyrronium bromide.

Accordingly, in the above described pharmaceutical compositions of the invention, the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate is preferably glycopyrronium bromide.

The amount of the drug component in the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the present invention will typically be in the range of from 0.01 to 2.5 weight % based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. Preferably, the drug component will comprise from 0.01 to 2.0 weight %, more preferably from 0.05 to 2.0 weight % and especially from 0.05 to 1.5 weight % of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. The drug component may consist essentially of or consist entirely of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate. By the term “consists essentially of”, we mean that at least 98 weight %, more preferably at least 99 weight % and especially at least 99.9 weight % of the drug component consists of the least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate. Alternatively, the drug component may contain other drugs, such as at least one long acting beta-2 agonist (LABA) and/or at least one corticosteroid.

The propellant component in the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the present invention comprises 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a). Thus, we do not exclude the possibility that the propellant component may include other propellant compounds in addition to the HFA-152a. For example, the propellant component may additionally comprise one or more additional hydrofluorocarbon or hydrocarbon propellant compounds, e.g. selected from HFA-227ea, HFA-134a, difluoromethane (HFA-32), propane, butane, isobutane and dimethyl ether. The preferred additional propellants are HFA-227ea and HFA-134a.

If an additional propellant compound is included, such as HFA-134a or HFA-227ea, at least 5% by weight, preferably at least 10% by weight and more preferably at least 50% by weight of the propellant component should be HFA-152a. Typically, the HFA-152a will constitute at least 90 weight %, e.g. from 90 to 99 weight %, of the propellant component. Preferably, the HFA-152a will constitute at least 95 weight %, e.g. from 95 to 99 weight %, and more preferably at least 99 weight % of the propellant component.

In a preferred embodiment, the propellant component has a global warming potential (GWP) of less than 250, more preferably less than 200 and still more preferably less than 150.

In an especially preferred embodiment, the propellant component consists entirely of HFA-152a so that the pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprises HFA-152a as the sole propellant. By the term “consists entirely of” we do not, of course, exclude the presence of minor amounts, e.g. up to a few hundred parts per million, of impurities that may be present following the process that is used to make the HFA-152a providing that they do not affect the suitability of the propellant in medical applications. Preferably the HFA-152a propellant will contain no more than 10 ppm, e.g. from 0.5 to 10 ppm, more preferably no more than 5 ppm, e.g. from 1 to 5 ppm, of unsaturated impurities, such as vinyl fluoride, vinyl chloride, vinylidene fluoride and chloro-fluoro ethylene compounds.

The amount of propellant component in the pharmaceutical composition of the invention will vary depending on the amounts of the drugs and other components in the pharmaceutical composition. Typically, the propellant component will comprise from 80.0 to 99.99 weight % of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. Preferably, the propellant component will comprise from 90.0 to 99.99 weight %, more preferably from 96.5 to 99.99 weight % and especially from 97.5 to 99.95 weight % of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the present invention consists essentially of and more preferably consists entirely of the two components (i) and (ii) listed above. By the term “consists essentially of”, we mean that at least 98 weight %, more preferably at least 99 weight % and especially at least 99.9 weight % of the pharmaceutical composition consists of the two listed components.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the present invention additionally includes a polar excipient, such as ethanol. Polar excipients have been used previously in pharmaceutical compositions for treating respiratory disorders that are delivered using metered dose inhalers (MDIs). They are also referred to as solvents, co-solvents, carrier solvents and adjuvants. Their inclusion can serve to solubilise the surfactant or the drug in the propellant and/or inhibit deposition of drug particles on the surfaces of the metered dose inhaler that are contacted by the pharmaceutical composition as it passes from the container in which it is stored to the nozzle outlet. They are also used as bulking agents in two-stage filling processes where the drug is mixed with a suitable polar excipient. The most commonly used polar excipient is ethanol. If a polar excipient is used, it will typically be present in an amount of from 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably in an amount of from 1 to 5% by weight based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.

In one preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is free of polar excipients such as ethanol.

The pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the present invention may also include a surfactant component comprising at least one surfactant compound. Surfactant compounds of the type that have been in use hitherto in pharmaceutical formulations for MDIs may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. Preferred surfactants are selected from polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol surfactants, oleic acid and lecithin. By the term oleic acid, we are not necessarily referring to pure (9Z)-octadec-9-enoic acid. When sold for surfactant use in medical applications, oleic acid is typically a mixture of several fatty acids, with (9Z)-octadec-9-enoic acid being the predominant fatty acid, e.g. present in an amount of at least 65 weight % based on the total weight of the surfactant.

In a preferred embodiment, the surfactant component consists essentially of and still more preferably consists entirely of at least one surfactant compound selected from polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycols, oleic acid and lecithin. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the surfactant component consists essentially of and still more preferably consists entirely of at least one surfactant compound selected from polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyethylene glycols. By the term “consists essentially of”, we mean that at least 95 weight %, more preferably at least 98 weight % and especially at least 99 weight % of the surfactant component is composed of the listed surfactants.

If a surfactant component is used, it will typically be present in an amount of from 0.1 to 2.5% by weight, preferably in an amount of from 0.2 to 1.5% by weight based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the present invention is free of acid stabilisers, such as organic and inorganic acids.

The pharmaceutical composition of the invention may also include a long acting beta-2-agonist (LABA). Any of the long acting beta-2-agonists that have been in use hitherto for treating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and that can be delivered using a MDI can be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. Suitable long acting beta-2-agonists include formoterol, arformoterol, bambuterol, clenbuterol, salmeterol, indacaterol, olodaterol and vilanterol as well as their pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives, such as their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Preferred compounds include indacaterol, olodaterol, formoterol and vilanterol and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Particularly preferred compounds are indacaterol and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, especially indacaterol maleate.

Accordingly, a second aspect of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition, e.g. a pharmaceutical suspension or a pharmaceutical solution, said composition comprising:

-   (i) a drug component comprising at least one pharmaceutically     acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate, especially glycopyrronium     bromide, and at least one long acting beta-2-agonist (LABA),     especially at least one long acting beta-2 agonist (LABA) selected     from indacaterol, olodaterol, formoterol, vilanterol and the     pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and -   (ii) a propellant component comprising 1,1-difluoroethane     (HFA-152a).

The pharmaceutical composition of the second aspect of the invention typically contains less than 500 ppm of water based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition of the second aspect of the present invention contains less than 100 ppm, more preferably less than 50 ppm, particularly less than 10 ppm and especially less than 5 ppm of water based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. It has been found that small amounts of water alongside the use of HFA-152a as the propellant can result in a pharmaceutical composition with improved chemical stability. In referring to the water content of the pharmaceutical composition, we are referring to the content of free water in the composition and not any water that happens to be present in any hydrated drug compounds that may be used as part of the drug component. In an especially preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the second aspect of the present invention is water-free. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical composition of the second aspect may contain greater than 0.5 ppm of water, e.g. greater than 1 ppm, but less than the amounts discussed above, as it can in practice be difficult to remove all the water from the composition and then retain it in such a water-free state.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the second aspect of the invention contains less than 1000 ppm, preferably less than 500 ppm, more preferably less than 100 ppm and particularly less than 50 ppm of dissolved oxygen based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. In an especially preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is oxygen-free. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical composition of the second aspect may contain greater than 0.5 ppm of oxygen, e.g. 1 ppm or greater, but less than the amounts discussed above, as it can in practice be difficult to retain the composition in an oxygen-free state. Low oxygen contents are preferred because they tend to reduce the degradation of the drug compounds resulting in a composition with higher chemical stability.

Suitable and preferred glycopyrrolate salts are as discussed above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the present invention.

Typical and preferred amounts of the drug component and the propellant component in the pharmaceutical composition of the second aspect of the present invention and suitable, typical and preferred compositions for the propellant component are as discussed above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention. The drug component may consist essentially of or consist entirely of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate and the at least one long acting beta-2 agonist (LABA). By the term “consists essentially of”, we mean that at least 98 weight %, more preferably at least 99 weight % and especially at least 99.9 weight % of the drug component consists of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate and the at least one long acting beta-2 agonist (LABA).

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the second aspect of the present invention consists essentially of and more preferably consists entirely of the two components (i) and (ii) listed above. By the term “consists essentially of”, we mean that at least 98 weight %, more preferably at least 99 weight % and especially at least 99.9 weight % of the pharmaceutical composition consists of the two listed components.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the second aspect of the invention may contain one or both of a polar excipient and a surfactant component as discussed above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention. Suitable and preferred polar excipients and surfactants are as discussed above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention. Typical and preferred amounts of the polar excipient and the surfactant component are as discussed above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention.

In an especially preferred embodiment of the second aspect of the invention, the drug component comprises glycopyrronium bromide and at least one long acting beta-2-agonist (LABA) selected from indacaterol, olodaterol, formoterol, vilanterol and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, especially indacaterol and indacaterol maleate. Preferably, the glycopyrronium bromide and the at least one selected long acting beta-2-agonist are the only pharmaceutical actives in the pharmaceutical composition of the second aspect of the invention.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the second aspect of the present invention is free of acid stabilisers, such as organic and inorganic acids.

The pharmaceutical composition of the invention may also include a corticosteroid. Any of the corticosteroids that have been in use hitherto for treating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and that can be delivered using a MDI can be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. Suitable corticosteroids include budesonide, mometasone, beclomethasone and fluticasone as well as their pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives, such as their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Preferred compounds include budesonide, beclomethasone, beclomethasone dipropionate, fluticasone furoate and fluticasone propionate.

Accordingly, a third aspect of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition, e.g. a pharmaceutical suspension or a pharmaceutical solution, said composition comprising:

-   (I) a drug component comprising at least one pharmaceutically     acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate, especially glycopyrronium     bromide, and at least one corticosteroid, particularly at least one     corticosteroid selected from fluticasone, budesonide, mometasone and     beclomethasone and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof;     and -   (ii) a propellant component comprising 1,1-difluoroethane     (HFA-152a).

The pharmaceutical composition of the third aspect of the invention typically contains less than 500 ppm of water based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition of the third aspect of the present invention contains less than 100 ppm, more preferably less than 50 ppm, particularly less than 10 ppm and especially less than 5 ppm of water based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. It has been found that small amounts of water alongside the use of HFA-152a as the propellant can result in a pharmaceutical composition with improved chemical stability. In referring to the water content of the pharmaceutical composition, we are referring to the content of free water in the composition and not any water that happens to be present in any hydrated drug compounds that may be used as part of the drug component. In an especially preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the third aspect of the present invention is water-free. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical composition of the third aspect may contain greater than 0.5 ppm of water, e.g. greater than 1 ppm, but less than the amounts discussed above, as it can in practice be difficult to remove all the water from the composition and then retain it in such a water-free state.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the third aspect of the invention contains less than 1000 ppm, preferably less than 500 ppm, more preferably less than 100 ppm and particularly less than 50 ppm of dissolved oxygen based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. In an especially preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is oxygen-free. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical composition of the third aspect may contain greater than 0.5 ppm of oxygen, e.g. 1 ppm or greater, but less than the amounts discussed above, as it can in practice be difficult to retain the composition in an oxygen-free state. Low oxygen contents are preferred because they tend to reduce the degradation of the drug compounds resulting in a composition with higher chemical stability.

Suitable and preferred glycopyrrolate salts are as discussed above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the present invention.

Typical and preferred amounts of the drug component and the propellant component in the pharmaceutical composition of the third aspect of the present invention and suitable, typical and preferred compositions for the propellant component are as discussed above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention. The drug component may consist essentially of or consist entirely of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate and the at least one corticosteroid. By the term “consists essentially of”, we mean that at least 98 weight %, more preferably at least 99 weight % and especially at least 99.9 weight % of the drug component consists of the least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate and the at least one corticosteroid.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the third aspect of the present invention consists essentially of and more preferably consists entirely of the two components (i) and (ii) listed above. By the term “consists essentially of”, we mean that at least 98 weight %, more preferably at least 99 weight % and especially at least 99.9 weight % of the pharmaceutical composition consists of the two listed components.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the third aspect of the invention may contain one or both of a polar excipient and a surfactant component as discussed above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention. Suitable and preferred polar excipients and surfactants are as discussed above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention. Typical and preferred amounts of the polar excipient and the surfactant component are as discussed above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention.

In an especially preferred embodiment of the third aspect of the invention, the drug component comprises glycopyrronium bromide and at least one corticosteroid selected from budesonide, beclomethasone, beclomethasone dipropionate, fluticasone furoate and fluticasone propionate. Preferably, the glycopyrronium bromide and the at least one selected corticosteroid are the only pharmaceutical actives in the pharmaceutical composition of the third aspect of the invention.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the third aspect of the present invention is free of acid stabilisers, such as organic and inorganic acids.

The pharmaceutical composition of the invention may also include a long acting beta-2-agonist (LABA) and a corticosteroid. Any of the long acting beta-2-agonists and corticosteroids that have been in use hitherto for treating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and that can be delivered using a MDI can be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. Suitable and preferred long acting beta-2-agonists are as discussed above for the second aspect of the invention. Suitable and preferred corticosteroids are as discussed above for the third aspect of the present invention.

Accordingly, a fourth aspect of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition, e.g. a pharmaceutical suspension or a pharmaceutical solution, said composition comprising:

-   (i) a drug component comprising at least one pharmaceutically     acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate, especially glycopyrronium     bromide, at least one long acting beta-2-agonist (LABA), especially     at least one long acting beta-2 agonist (LABA) selected from     indacaterol, olodaterol, formoterol, vilanterol and the     pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and at least one     corticosteroid, particularly at least one corticosteroid selected     from fluticasone, budesonide, mometasone and beclomethasone and the     pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and -   (ii) a propellant component comprising 1,1-difluoroethane     (HFA-152a).

The pharmaceutical composition of the fourth aspect of the invention typically contains less than 500 ppm of water based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition of the fourth aspect of the present invention contains less than 100 ppm, more preferably less than 50 ppm, particularly less than 10 ppm and especially less than 5 ppm of water based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. It has been found that small amounts of water alongside the use of HFA-152a as the propellant can result in a pharmaceutical composition with improved chemical stability. In referring to the water content of the pharmaceutical composition, we are referring to the content of free water in the composition and not any water that happens to be present in any hydrated drug compounds that may be used as part of the drug component. In an especially preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the fourth aspect of the present invention is water-free. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical composition of the fourth aspect may contain greater than 0.5 ppm of water, e.g. greater than 1 ppm, but less than the amounts discussed above, as it can in practice be difficult to remove all the water from the composition and then retain it in such a water-free state.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the fourth aspect of the invention contains less than 1000 ppm, preferably less than 500 ppm, more preferably less than 100 ppm and particularly less than 50 ppm of dissolved oxygen based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. In an especially preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is oxygen-free. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical composition of the fourth aspect may contain greater than 0.5 ppm of oxygen, e.g. 1 ppm or greater, but less than the amounts discussed above, as it can in practice be difficult to retain the composition in an oxygen-free state. Low oxygen contents are preferred because they tend to reduce the degradation of the drug compounds resulting in a composition with higher chemical stability.

Suitable and preferred glycopyrrolate salts are as discussed above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the present invention.

Typical and preferred amounts of the drug component and the propellant component in the pharmaceutical composition of the fourth aspect of the present invention and suitable, typical and preferred compositions for the propellant component are as discussed above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention. The drug component may consist essentially of or consist entirely of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate, the at least one long acting beta-2 agonist (LABA) and the at least one corticosteroid. By the term “consists essentially of”, we mean that at least 98 weight %, more preferably at least 99 weight % and especially at least 99.9 weight % of the drug component consists of the least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate, the at least one long acting beta-2 agonist (LABA) and the at least one corticosteroid.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the fourth aspect of the present invention consists essentially of and more preferably consists entirely of the two components (i) and (ii) listed above. By the term “consists essentially of”, we mean that at least 98 weight %, more preferably at least 99 weight % and especially at least 99.9 weight % of the pharmaceutical composition consists of the two listed components.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the fourth aspect of the invention may contain one or both of a polar excipient and a surfactant component as discussed above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention. Suitable and preferred polar excipients and surfactants are as discussed above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention. Typical and preferred amounts of the polar excipient and the surfactant component are as discussed above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention.

In an especially preferred embodiment of the fourth aspect of the invention, the drug component comprises glycopyrronium bromide, at least one long acting beta-2-agonist (LABA) selected from indacaterol, olodaterol, formoterol, vilanterol and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, especially indacaterol and indacaterol maleate, and at least one corticosteroid selected from budesonide, beclomethasone, beclomethasone dipropionate, fluticasone furoate and fluticasone propionate. Preferably, the glycopyrronium bromide, the at least one selected long acting beta-2-agonist and the at least one selected corticosteroid are the only pharmaceutical actives in the pharmaceutical composition of the fourth aspect of the invention.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition of the fourth aspect of the present invention is free of acid stabilisers, such as organic and inorganic acids.

It has been found that the use of propellants comprising 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a) in pharmaceutical compositions containing a glycopyrrolate salt, such as glycopyrronium bromide, and the propellant can unexpectedly improve the chemical stability of the glycopyrrolate compound compared to the stability it exhibits in formulations containing either HFA-134a or HFA-227ea as the propellant.

Accordingly, in a fifth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of improving the stability of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a propellant component and a drug component comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate, said method comprising using a propellant component comprising 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a).

The pharmaceutical composition in the stabilisation method of the fifth aspect of the present invention may be a suspension or a solution.

The improved chemical stability can result, in particular, when the pharmaceutical composition contains less than 500 ppm, preferably less than 100 ppm, more preferably less than 50 ppm, still more preferably less than 10 ppm and particularly less than 5 ppm of water based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. In referring to the water content of the pharmaceutical composition, we are referring to the content of free water in the composition and not any water that happens to be present in any hydrated drug compounds that may be used as part of the drug component. In an especially preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is water-free. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical composition recited in the fifth aspect of the present invention may contain greater than 0.5 ppm of water, e.g. greater than 1 ppm, but less than the amounts discussed above, as it can in practice be difficult to remove all the water from the composition and then retain it in such a water-free state.

Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment of the fifth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of improving the stability of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a propellant component and a drug component comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate, said method comprising using a propellant component comprising 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a) and selecting the components and conditions for the preparation of the pharmaceutical composition to maintain the water content of the pharmaceutical composition below 100 ppm, preferably below 50 ppm, more preferably below 10 ppm and particularly below 5 ppm based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.

In practice, preparing a pharmaceutical composition with the low water levels recited above involves using a propellant component with a suitably low water content, as it is usually the largest mass item in the finished device, and then preparing the pharmaceutical composition under suitably dry conditions, e.g. in a dry nitrogen atmosphere. Preparing pharmaceutical compositions under dry conditions is well known and the techniques involved are well understood by those skilled in the art. Other steps to obtain a low water content in the finished device include drying and storing the can and valve components in a moisture-controlled atmosphere, e.g. dry nitrogen or air, prior to and during device assembly. If the pharmaceutical composition contains a significant amount of ethanol, then it may also be important to control the water content of the ethanol as well as the propellant, e.g. by drying to reduce the water content to suitably low levels. Suitable drying techniques are well known to those skilled in the art and include the use of a molecular sieve or other inorganic desiccant and membrane drying processes.

In the stabilisation method of the fifth aspect of the present invention suitable and preferred glycopyrrolate salts are as described above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the present invention. In addition, typical and preferred amounts of the drug component and the propellant component in the stabilisation method of the fifth aspect of the present invention and suitable, typical and preferred compositions for the propellant component are as discussed above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention.

The drug component in the stabilisation method of the fifth aspect of the present invention may consist essentially of or consist entirely of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate. By the term “consists essentially of”, we mean that at least 98 weight %, more preferably at least 99 weight % and especially at least 99.9 weight % of the drug component consists of the least one glycopyrrolate salt. Alternatively, the drug component may additionally comprise at least one corticosteroid and/or at least one long acting beta-2-agonist. When a corticosteroid and/or a long acting beta-2-agonist are included, suitable and preferred corticosteroids and suitable and preferred long acting beta-2-agonists are as described above for the pharmaceutical compositions of the second and third aspects of the present invention.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition in the fifth aspect of the present invention consists essentially of and more preferably consists entirely of the drug component and the propellant component as defined above. By the term “consists essentially of”, we mean that at least 98 weight %, more preferably at least 99 weight % and especially at least 99.9 weight % of the pharmaceutical composition consists of the two components.

In an alternative embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition in the fifth aspect of the invention may contain one or both of a polar excipient and a surfactant component as discussed above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention. Suitable and preferred polar excipients and surfactants are as discussed above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention. Typical and preferred amounts of the polar excipient and the surfactant component are as discussed above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition that is provided in the stabilisation method of the fifth aspect of the present invention is free of acid stabilisers, such as organic and inorganic acids.

In one preferred stabilisation method, the resulting pharmaceutical composition after storage at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity for 3 months will produce less than 1.0% by weight, preferably less than 0.8% by weight and more preferably less than 0.6% by weight of impurities from the degradation of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate based on the total weight of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate and the impurities.

In another preferred stabilisation method, the resulting pharmaceutical composition after storage at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity for 3 months will produce less than 1.2% by weight, preferably less than 1.0% by weight and more preferably less than 0.8% by weight of impurities from the degradation of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate based on the total weight of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate and the impurities.

In yet another preferred stabilisation method in which the pharmaceutical composition also comprises at least one corticosteroid and/or at least one long acting beta-2-agonist, the resulting pharmaceutical composition after storage at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity for 3 months will produce less than 1.0% by weight, preferably less than 0.8% by weight and more preferably less than 0.6% by weight of impurities from the degradation of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate based on the total weight of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate and the impurities.

In still another preferred stabilisation method in which the pharmaceutical composition also comprises at least one corticosteroid and/or at least one long acting beta-2-agonist, the resulting pharmaceutical composition after storage at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity for 3 months will produce less than 1.2% by weight, preferably less than 1.0% by weight and more preferably less than 0.8% by weight of impurities from the degradation of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate based on the total weight of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate and the impurities.

In yet another preferred stabilisation method, at least 95.0% by weight, preferably at least 96.0% by weight and more preferably at least 97.0% by weight of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate that is contained originally in the pharmaceutical composition immediately following preparation will be present in the composition after storage at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity for 3 months and after storage at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity for 3 months.

In still another preferred stabilisation method in which the pharmaceutical composition also comprises at least one corticosteroid and/or at least one long acting beta-2-agonist, at least 95.0% by weight, preferably at least 96.0% by weight and more preferably at least 97.0% by weight of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate that is contained originally in the pharmaceutical composition immediately following preparation will be present in the composition after storage at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity for 3 months and after storage at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity for 3 months.

In a further preferred stabilisation method, at least 95.0%, preferably at least 96.0% and more preferably at least 97.0% of the original pharmaceutical activity of the composition is retained after storage at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity for 3 months and after storage at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity for 3 months.

One preferred pharmaceutical composition of the first, second, third and fourth aspects of the present invention will produce less than 1.0% by weight, preferably less than 0.8% by weight and more preferably less than 0.6% by weight of total impurities from the degradation of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate after storage at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity for 3 months.

Another preferred pharmaceutical composition of the first, second, third and fourth aspects of the present invention will produce less than 1.2% by weight, preferably less than 1.0% by weight and more preferably less than 0.8% by weight of total impurities from the degradation of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate after storage at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity for 3 months.

The weight % of impurities indicated above are based on the total weight of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate and the impurities.

In a further preferred pharmaceutical composition of the first, second, third and fourth aspects of the present invention at least 95.0% by weight, preferably at least 96.0% by weight and more preferably at least 97.0% by weight of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate that is contained originally in the pharmaceutical composition of the invention immediately following preparation will be present in the composition after storage at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity for 3 months and after storage at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity for 3 months.

In yet another preferred pharmaceutical composition of the first, second, third and fourth aspects of the present invention at least 95.0%, preferably at least 96.0% and more preferably at least 97.0% of the original pharmaceutical activity of the pharmaceutical composition of the invention is retained after storage at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity for 3 months and after storage at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity for 3 months.

In referring to the storage of the pharmaceutical compositions in the above described stabilisation methods, we are referring, in particular, to the storage of those compositions in uncoated aluminium containers. Similarly, in referring to the storage of the above described pharmaceutical compositions, we are referring, in particular, to their storage in uncoated aluminium containers.

It has been found that the use of a propellant comprising 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a) in pharmaceutical compositions containing a glycopyrrolate salt, such as glycopyrronium bromide, and the propellant that are designed to be delivered using a metered dose inhaler can unexpectedly improve the aerosolization performance of the pharmaceutical composition when that composition is delivered from the metered dose inhaler compared to the performance that is observed when either HFA-134a or HFA-227ea is used as the propellant. In particular, the fine particle fraction of the glycopyrrolate salt in the emitted dose typically comprises at least 35 weight %, preferably at least 40 weight % and more preferably at least 45 weight of the emitted dose of the glycopyrrolate salt. The fine particle fractions of the glycopyrrolate salt in the emitted dose are not only observed immediately after the pharmaceutical composition has been filled into a MDI canister and prior to any long term storage, but also after storage under stress storage conditions, e.g. after storage for 1 month at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity.

Accordingly, in a sixth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of improving the aerosolization performance of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a propellant component and a drug component comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate, said method comprising using a propellant component comprising 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a).

The pharmaceutical composition in the method of the sixth aspect of the present invention may be a suspension or a solution.

In a preferred embodiment of the sixth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of improving the aerosolization performance of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a propellant component and a drug component comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate, said method comprising using a propellant component comprising 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a) and providing a pharmaceutical composition which when delivered from a metered dose inhaler yields a fine particle fraction of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate which is at least 35 weight %, preferably at least 40 weight % and more preferably at least 45 weight of the emitted dose of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate.

Increasing the fine particle fraction of the emitted dose is highly beneficial, because it is the fine drug particles that are able to penetrate into the deep bronchiole passages and the alveolar passages of the lung to maximise relief from the effects of an asthma attack or COPD.

The fine particle fraction is a widely recognised term in the art. It is a measure of the mass fraction of emitted aerosol particles having a diameter below 5 μm which is generally accepted as being the most desirable particle size range for effective alveolar drug delivery.

In the method of the sixth aspect of the present invention suitable and preferred glycopyrrolate salts are as described above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the present invention. In addition, typical and preferred amounts of the drug component and the propellant component in the method of the sixth aspect of the present invention and suitable, typical and preferred compositions for the propellant component are as discussed above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention.

The drug component in the method of the sixth aspect of the present invention may consist essentially of or consist entirely of the at least one glycopyrrolate salt, such as glycopyrronium bromide. By the term “consists essentially of”, we mean that at least 98 weight %, more preferably at least 99 weight % and especially at least 99.9 weight % of the drug component consists of the least one glycopyrrolate salt. Alternatively, the drug component may additionally comprise at least one corticosteroid and/or at least one long acting beta-2 agonist. When a corticosteroid and/or a long acting beta-2 agonist are included, suitable and preferred corticosteroids and suitable and preferred long acting beta-2 agonists are as described above for the pharmaceutical compositions of the second and third aspects of the present invention.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition in the sixth aspect of the present invention consists essentially of and more preferably consists entirely of the drug component and the propellant component as defined above. By the term “consists essentially of”, we mean that at least 98 weight %, more preferably at least 99 weight % and especially at least 99.9 weight % of the pharmaceutical composition consists of the two components.

In an alternative embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition in the sixth aspect of the invention may contain one or both of a polar excipient and a surfactant component as discussed above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention. Suitable and preferred polar excipients and surfactants are as discussed above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention. Typical and preferred amounts of the polar excipient and the surfactant component are as discussed above for the pharmaceutical composition of the first aspect of the invention.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the sixth aspect of the present invention, the drug component comprises glycopyrronium bromide, indacaterol and fluticasone propionate and the fine particle fraction of each drug in the emitted dose is at least 35 weight %, preferably at least 40 weight % and more preferably at least 45 weight % of the emitted dose of that drug. The fine particle fractions of the glycopyrronium bromide, indacaterol and fluticasone propionate in the emitted dose are not only observed immediately after the pharmaceutical composition has been filled into a MDI canister and prior to any long term storage, but also after storage under stress storage conditions, e.g. after storage for 1 month at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity. Further, in this preferred embodiment it has surprisingly been found that the ratios of the three drugs as formulated can be substantially retained in the emitted dose unlike when HFA-134a is used as the propellant.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention find particular utility in the delivery of the glycopyrrolate salts, and where included the corticosteroid and long acting beta-2 agonist compounds, from a pressurised aerosol container, e.g. using a metered dose inhaler (MDI). For this application, the pharmaceutical compositions are contained in the pressurised aerosol container and the HFA-152a propellant functions to deliver the drug as a fine aerosol spray.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may comprise one or more other additives of the type that are conventionally used in drug formulations for pressurised MDIs, such as valve lubricants. Where other additives are included in the pharmaceutical compositions, they are normally used in amounts that are conventional in the art.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are normally stored in a pressurised container or canister which is to be used in association with a medication delivery device. When so stored, the pharmaceutical compositions are normally a liquid. In a preferred embodiment, the pressurised container is designed for use in a metered dose inhaler (MDI). In a particularly preferred embodiment, the pressurised container is a coated aluminium can or an uncoated aluminium can, especially the latter.

Accordingly, a seventh aspect of the present invention provides a pressurised container holding the pharmaceutical composition of the first, second, third or fourth aspect of the present invention. In an eighth aspect, the present invention provides a medication delivery device, especially a metered dose inhaler, having a pressurised container holding the pharmaceutical composition of the first, second, third or fourth aspect of the present invention.

The metered dose inhaler typically comprises a nozzle and valve assembly that is crimped to a container holding the pharmaceutical composition to be dispensed. An elastomeric gasket is used to provide a seal between the container and the nozzle/valve assembly. Preferred elastomeric gasket materials are EPDM, chlorobutyl, bromobutyl and cycloolefin copolymer rubbers as these can exhibit good compatibility with HFA-152a and also provide a good barrier to prevent or limit HFA-152a permeating from the container.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are for use in medicine for treating a patient suffering or likely to suffer from a respiratory disorder and especially asthma or a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Accordingly, the present invention also provides a method for treating a patient suffering or likely to suffer from a respiratory disorder, especially asthma or a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which comprises administering to the patient a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition as discussed above. The pharmaceutical composition is preferably delivered to the patient using a MDI.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be prepared and the MDI devices filled using techniques that are standard in the art, such as pressure filling and cold filling. For example, the pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared by a simple blending operation in which the at least one glycopyrrolate salt, optionally the at least one corticosteroid and/or the at least one long acting beta-2 agonist, optionally the surfactant component and the HFA-152a-containing propellant are mixed together in the required proportions in a suitable mixing vessel. Mixing can be promoted by stirring as is common in the art. Conveniently, the HFA-152a-containing propellant is liquefied to aid mixing. If the pharmaceutical composition is made in a separate mixing vessel, it can then be transferred to pressurised containers for storage, such as pressurised containers that are used as part of medication delivery devices and especially MDIs.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can also be prepared within the confines of a pressurised container, such as an aerosol canister or vial, from which the compositions are ultimately released as an aerosol spray using a medication delivery device, such as a MDI. In this method, a weighed amount of the at least one glycopyrrolate salt and optionally the at least one corticosteroid and/or at least one long acting beta-2 agonist compound, is introduced into the open container. A valve is then crimped onto the container and the HFA-152a-containing propellant component, in liquid form, introduced through the valve into the container under pressure, optionally after first evacuating the container through the valve. The surfactant component, if included, can be mixed with the drug(s) or, alternatively, introduced into the container after the valve has been fitted, either alone or as a premix with the propellant component. The whole mixture can then be treated to disperse the drugs in the propellant/surfactant mixture, e.g. by vigorous shaking or using an ultrasonic bath. Suitable containers may be made of plastics, metal, e.g. aluminium, or glass. Preferred containers are made of metal, especially aluminium which may be coated or uncoated. Uncoated aluminium containers are especially preferred.

The container may be filled with enough of the pharmaceutical composition to provide for a plurality of dosages. The pressurized aerosol canisters that are used in MDIs typically contain 50 to 150 individual dosages.

The present invention also provides a method of reducing the global warming potential (GWP) of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a drug component comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate, especially glycopyrronium bromide, and a propellant component, said method comprising using a propellant component comprising 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a). This method is applicable to the preparation of all the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein in all their aspects and embodiments.

Preferably, at least 90 weight %, more preferably at least 95 weight % and still more preferably at least 99 weight % of the propellant component used is HFA-152a. In an especially preferred embodiment, the propellant component used is entirely HFA-152a.

The propellant component that is used will preferably have a global warming potential (GWP) of less than 250, more preferably less than 200 and still more preferably less than 150.

The present invention is now illustrated but not limited by the following examples.

EXAMPLE 1

A number of experiments were conducted to investigate the in vitro aerosolization performance of combination drug formulations of glycopyrronium bromide, indacaterol and fluticasone propionate in metered dose inhalers (MDIs) using either HFA-134a or HFA-152a as the propellant.

Pharmaceutical formulations of glycopyrronium bromide, indacaterol and fluticasone propionate were prepared in either HFA-134a or HFA-152a (Mexichem, UK). The drugs were weighed directly into standard uncoated 14 ml aluminium canisters (C128, Presspart, Blackburn, UK). The canisters were then crimped with a 50 μL valve (Bespak, Kings Lynn, UK) following which the propellant was filled into the canisters through the valve using a manual Pamasol crimper/filler (Pamasol, Switzerland). Finally, the canisters were sonicated for 20 minutes to aid dispersion of the drug in the suspension. The nominal dose of glycopyrronium bromide was 50 μg, the nominal dose of indacaterol was 100 μg and the nominal dose of fluticasone propionate was 125 μg.

The in vitro aerosolization performance of the formulations was tested immediately after preparation (time t=zero) with a Next Generation Impactor using the method described below. The formulations were then stored under stress storage conditions (valve down) at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity for 1 month. After storing for 1 month under the stress storage conditions, the in vitro aerosolization performance of the pharmaceutical formulations was tested again as before with a Next Generation Impactor using the method described below.

The Next Generation Impactor (NGI, Copley Scientific, Nottingham UK) was connected to a vacuum pump (GE Motors, NJ, USA). Prior to testing, the cups of the NGI system were coated with 1% v/v silicone oil in hexane to eliminate particle bounce. For each experiment, three actuations of the valve were discharged into the NGI at 30 L·min⁻¹ as per pharmacopeia guidelines. Following aerosolization, the NGI apparatus was dismantled and the actuator and each part of the NGI was washed down into known volumes of the HPLC mobile phase. The mass of drug deposited on each part of the NGI was determined by HPLC. This protocol was repeated three times for each canister, following which, the fine particle dose (FPD) and fine particle fraction of the emitted dose (FPF_(ED)) were determined.

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine drug content following aerosolization studies (see below). A 250 mm×4.6 mm Hypersil ODS C₁₈ column with a 5 μm particle size (Fisher, Loughborough) or an equivalent was used for the analysis of fluticasone propionate. A 50 mm×4.6 mm Nucleosil 100-3 C₁₈ HD column with a 3 μm particle size or an equivalent was used for the analysis of glycopyrronium bromide and indacaterol.

The columns were coupled to a UV detector operating at a wavelength of either 220 nm or 235 nm depending on which drug was being analysed. The autosampler was operated at ambient temperature and 100 μl samples were injected into the column for the analyses. The chromatographic conditions are shown in Tables 1 and 2 below.

TABLE 1 Pump Flow UV Column Rate Wavelength Temperature Drug (ml · min⁻¹) Mobile Phase (nm) (° C.) Fluticasone 1.5 Methanol, 235 40 Propionate acetonitrile and water - 45:35:20 v/v

TABLE 2 UV Pump Wave- Column Flow Rate length Temperature Drug (ml · min⁻¹) Mobile Phase (nm) (° C.) Glycopyrronium 1.5 Mobile Phase 220 30 Bromide and A: Buffer* and Indacaterol acetonitrile 75:25 v/v Mobile Phase B: Buffer* and acetonitrile 25:75 v/v *Buffer is aqueous triethylamine/Na₂HPO₄/H₃PO₄ at pH 2.5

The composition of the mobile phase was varied as shown in Table 3 below.

TABLE 3 Time (minutes) Mobile Phase A (% v/v) Mobile Phase B (% v/v) 0 100 0 3.0 85 15 3.1 0 100 4.0 0 100 4.1 100 0 5.0 100 0

The results are shown in Tables 4 to 6 below.

TABLE 4 In vitro aerosolization performance of combination formulations of glycopyrronium bromide, indacaterol and fluticasone propionate delivered from a MDI with HFA-134a as the propellant at time t = 0 and after storage (valve down) for 1 month at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity as characterised by the emitted dose, fine particle dose, fine particle fraction of the emitted dose (FPF_(ED) (%)), mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD). Emitted Dose Fine Particle MMAD ± GSD (μg ± S.D.) Dose (μg ± S.D.) FPF_(ED) (%) (μm) Glycopyrronium 43.7 ± 0.2 12.6 ± 0.1 28.7 ± 0.2 2.6 ± 2.4 Bromide (T = 0) Glycopyrronium 38.7 ± 0.6 11.4 ± 0.4 29.4 ± 0.5 2.8 ± 2.3 Bromide (T = 1 month @ 40° C./75% RH) Indacaterol (T = 0) 75.8 ± 1.8 23.8 ± 0.8 31.5 ± 1.8 4.8 ± 1.9 Indacaterol (T = 1 73.7 ± 1.2 21.9 ± 0.7 29.8 ± 0.7 4.8 ± 1.9 month @ 40° C./75% RH) Fluticasone 119.0 ± 2.0  38.8 ± 1.7 32.6 ± 0.9 3.0 ± 1.8 Propionate (T = 0) Fluticasone 112.8 ± 2.3  32.8 ± 1.9 29.0 ± 1.9 3.1 ± 1.9 Propionate (T = 1 month @ 40° C./75% RH)

TABLE 5 In vitro aerosolization performance of combination formulations of glycopyrronium bromide, indacaterol and fluticasone propionate delivered from a MDI with HFA-152a as the propellant at time t = 0 and after storage (valve down) for 1 month at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity as characterised by the emitted dose, fine particle dose, fine particle fraction of the emitted dose (FPF_(ED) (%)), mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD). Emitted Dose Fine Particle MMAD ± GSD (μg ± S.D.) Dose (μg ± S.D.) FPF_(ED) (%) (μm) Glycopyrronium 45.2 ± 0.7 21.0 ± 1.0 46.5 ± 2.9 3.1 ± 2.2 Bromide (T = 0) Glycopyrronium 44.2 ± 0.6 20.7 ± 0.8 45.8 ± 1.8 3.0 ± 2.2 Bromide (T = 1 month @ 40° C./75% RH) Indacaterol (T = 0) 92.1 ± 3.0 46.8 ± 1.5 50.9 ± 0.1 3.4 ± 1.9 Indacaterol (T = 1 90.8 ± 2.3 45.8 ± 1.2 49.5 ± 0.2 3.5 ± 2.0 month @ 40° C./75% RH) Fluticasone 111.8 ± 0.7  51.5 ± 1.9 46.1 ± 1.5 3.0 ± 1.9 Propionate (T = 0) Fluticasone 105.6 ± 0.8  48.5 ± 1.5 45.2 ± 1.2 2.9 ± 1.9 Propionate (T = 1 month @ 40° C./75% RH)

TABLE 6 Ratio of glycopyrronium bromide, indacaterol and fluticasone propionate in the delivered fine particle fraction using HFA-134a propellant and HFA-152a propellant at time t = 0 and after storage (valve down) for 1 month at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity. Ratio of Glycopyrronium Bromide:Indacaterol:Fluticasone propionate As formulated 1.0:2.0:2.5 HFA-134a - T = 0 1.0:1.9:3.1 HFA-134a - T = 1 month @ 1.0:1.9:2.9 40° C./75% RH) HFA-152a - T = 0 1.0:2.2:2.5 HFA-134a - T = 1 month @ 1.0:2.2:2.3 40° C./75% RH)

It is clear from the data in Tables 4 and 5 above that the fine particle dose and the fine particle fraction of the emitted dose are significantly higher when HFA-152a is used as the propellant as opposed to HFA-134a for all three drugs in the combination drug formulation. This represents an increase in the useful medication delivery dose. This improved performance is also observed even after stress storage for 1 month at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity.

In contrast to the HFA-134a formulations where all of the drugs achieve a fine particle fraction of around 30%, the HFA-152a formulations deliver a fine particle fraction of 45% to 50%. Thus, HFA-152a provides a dramatically more effective and efficient delivery of all three drugs with the significant benefits of reducing the amount of medication used to deliver an effective therapeutic dose, reducing the cost of treatment and reducing the potential for systemic absorption of the drugs through the mouth and digestive tract resulting in adverse effects in the patient.

Furthermore, whilst the MMAD of the HFA-134a based formulations range from around 2.6 μm for glycopyrronium bromide to 4.8 μm for indacaterol, the particles delivered by HFA-152a have broadly equivalent sizes in the range of from 2.9 μm to 3.5 μm. This greater uniformity of particle size across the three drugs is extremely important in ensuring that all three drugs are delivered in the correct ratios to target lung tissue. Disparities in particle size can lead to non-uniform delivery with differential drug deposition and with consequential reduced therapeutic synergy between the drugs. Thus, the data indicates that HFA-152a acts to minimise the extent of particle aggregation both for a particular drug and between the different drugs.

EXAMPLE 2

The stabilities of glycopyrronium bromide, indacaterol and fluticasone propionate in HFA-134a and HFA-152a were investigated at time zero (T=0) and after storage, valve down, for 1 month (T=1M) and 3 months (T=3M) at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity (RH) and at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity (RH) in uncoated aluminium cans.

The drug formulations were prepared as described in Example 1 above and analysed using the HPLC technique described in Example 1 above.

The results of investigating the chemical stability of the glycopyrronium bromide, indacaterol and fluticasone propionate drug formulations in HFA-152a and HFA-134a in uncoated aluminium cans are shown, respectively, in Tables 7 to 12 below.

TABLE 7 Chemical stability of glycopyrronium bromide in HFA-134a in uncoated aluminium cans based on percentage assay and total impurities upon storage at T = 0, T = 1 M @ 40° C./75% RH and 25° C./60% RH and T = 3 M@ 40° C./75% RH and 25° C./60% RH. Time % Assay (LC) % total impurities Initial time T = 0 98.5 0.19 T = 1 M @ 25/60 98.2 0.28 T = 1 M @ 40/75 97.8 0.39 T = 3 M @ 25/60 94.8 1.15 T = 3 M @ 40/75 93.8 1.38

TABLE 8 Chemical stability of glycopyrronium bromide in HFA-152a in uncoated aluminium cans based on percentage assay and total impurities upon storage at T = 0, T = 1 M @ 40° C./75% RH and 25° C./60% RH and T = 3 M@ 40° C./75% RH and 25° C./60% RH. Time % Assay (LC) % total impurities Initial time T = 0 98.5 0.19 T = 1 M @ 25/60 98.6 0.25 T = 1 M @ 40/75 98.4 0.35 T = 3 M @ 25/60 97.6 0.55 T = 3 M @ 40/75 97.2 0.82

TABLE 9 Chemical stability of indacaterol in HFA-134a in uncoated aluminium cans based on percentage assay and total impurities upon storage at T = 0, T = 1 M @ 40° C./75% RH and 25° C./60% RH and T = 3 M@ 40° C./75% RH and 25° C./60% RH. Time % Assay (LC) A total impurities Initial time T = 0 100.5 <LoQ T = 1 M @ 25/60 99.9 <LoQ T = 1 M @ 40/75 98.6 0.22 T = 3 M @ 25/60 98.2 0.27 T = 3 M @ 40/75 97.9 0.38

TABLE 10 Chemical stability of indacaterol in HFA-152a in uncoated aluminium cans based on percentage assay and total impurities upon storage at T = 0, T = 1 M @ 40° C./75% RH and 25° C./60% RH and T = 3 M@ 40° C./75% RH and 25° C./60% RH. Time % Assay (LC) % total impurities Initial time T = 0 99.9 <LoQ T = 1 M @ 25/60 100.5 <LoQ T = 1 M @ 40/75 99.1 0.05 T = 3 M @ 25/60 98.8 0.11 T = 3 M @ 40/75 98.5 0.15

TABLE 11 Chemical stability of fluticasone propionate in HFA-134a in uncoated aluminium cans based on percentage assay and total impurities upon storage at T = 0, T = 1 M @ 40° C./75% RH and 25° C./60% RH and T = 3 M@ 40° C./75% RH and 25° C./60% RH. Time % Assay (LC) % total impurities Initial time T = 0 98.5 <LoQ T = 1 M @ 25/60 98.2 0.19 T = 1 M @ 40/75 97.8 0.38 T = 3 M @ 25/60 94.8 0.58 T = 3 M @ 40/75 93.8 0.69

TABLE 12 Chemical stability of fluticasone propionate in HFA-152a in uncoated aluminium cans based on percentage assay and total impurities upon storage at T = 0, T = 1 M @ 40° C./75% RH and 25° C./60% RH and T = 3 M@ 40° C./75% RH and 25° C./60% RH. Time % Assay (LC) % total impurities Initial time T = 0 98.5 <LoQ T = 1 M @ 25/60 98.6 <LoQ T = 1 M @ 40/75 98.4 0.18 T = 3 M @ 25/60 97.6 <LoQ T = 3 M @ 40/75 97.2 0.58

It can be seen from the data in Tables 7 to 12 above that glycopyrronium bromide, indacaterol and fluticasone propionate all exhibit superior chemical stability under accelerated test conditions when HFA-152a is used as the aerosolization propellant rather than HFA-134a. 

1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: (i) a drug component comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate; and (ii) a propellant component comprising 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a).
 2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the composition contains less than 500 ppm, preferably less than 100 ppm, more preferably less than 50 ppm, still more preferably less than 10 ppm and especially less than 5 ppm of water based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
 3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein the composition contains greater than 0.5 ppm, e.g. greater than 1 ppm, of water based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
 4. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition contains less than 1000 ppm, preferably less than 500 ppm, more preferably less than 100 ppm and particularly less than 50 ppm of oxygen based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
 5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 4, wherein the composition contains greater than 0.5 ppm, e.g. greater than 1 ppm, of oxygen based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
 6. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate is glycopyrronium bromide.
 7. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate is in a micronized form.
 8. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the drug component additionally comprises at least one long acting beta-2-agonist (LABA).
 9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, wherein the at least one long acting beta-2-agonist is selected from the group consisting of indacaterol, olodaterol, formoterol, vilanterol and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9, wherein the at least one long acting beta-2-agonist is selected from the group consisting of indacaterol and indacaterol maleate.
 11. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the at least one long acting beta-2-agonist is in a micronized form.
 12. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the drug component additionally comprises at least one corticosteroid.
 13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12, wherein the at least one corticosteroid is selected from the group consisting of budesonide, mometasone, beclomethasone, fluticasone and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 13, wherein the at least one corticosteroid is selected from the group consisting of budesonide, beclomethasone, beclomethasone dipropionate, fluticasone furoate and fluticasone propionate.
 15. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 12 to 14, wherein the at least one corticosteroid is in a micronized form.
 16. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the drug component comprises from 0.01 to 2.5 weight %, preferably from 0.01 to 2.0 weight %, more preferably from 0.05 to 2.0 weight % and especially from 0.05 to 1.5 weight % of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
 17. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the propellant component comprises from 80.0 to 99.99 weight %, preferably from 90.0 to 99.99 weight %, more preferably from 96.5 to 99.99 weight % and especially from 97.5 to 99.95 weight % of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
 18. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least 90 weight %, preferably at least 95 weight % and more preferably at least 99 weight % of the propellant component is 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a).
 19. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the propellant component is entirely 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a).
 20. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 18 or 19, wherein the propellant component contains from 0.5 to 10 ppm, e.g. from 1 to 5 ppm, of unsaturated impurities.
 21. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least 95 weight %, preferably at least 98 weight % and more preferably at least 99 weight % of the composition consists of the two components (i) and (ii).
 22. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of the preceding claims further comprising a surfactant component comprising at least one surfactant compound.
 23. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 22, wherein the surfactant component comprises at least one surfactant compound selected from polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol surfactants, oleic acid and lecithin.
 24. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of the preceding claims further comprising a polar excipient.
 25. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 24, wherein the polar excipient is ethanol.
 26. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1 to 23 which is free of polar excipients.
 27. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1 to 23 which is free of ethanol.
 28. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1 to 20 which consists entirely of the two components (i) and (ii).
 29. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1 to 27 which is free of acid stabilisers.
 30. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of the preceding claims which after storage in uncoated aluminium containers at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity for 3 months will produce less than 1.0% by weight, preferably less than 0.8% by weight and more preferably less than 0.6% by weight of impurities from the degradation of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate based on the total weight of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate and the impurities.
 31. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of the preceding claims which after storage in uncoated aluminium containers at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity for 3 months will produce less than 1.2% by weight, preferably less than 1.0% by weight and more preferably less than 0.8% by weight of impurities from the degradation of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate based on the total weight of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate and the impurities.
 32. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least 95.0% by weight, preferably at least 96.0% by weight and more preferably at least 97.0% by weight of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate that is contained originally in the pharmaceutical composition immediately following preparation will be present in the composition after storage in uncoated aluminium containers at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity for 3 months and after storage in uncoated aluminium containers at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity for 3 months.
 33. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1 to 31, wherein at least 95.0%, preferably at least 96.0% and more preferably at least 97.0% of the original pharmaceutical activity of the composition is retained after storage in uncoated aluminium containers at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity for 3 months and after storage in uncoated aluminium containers at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity for 3 months.
 34. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of the preceding claims which when delivered from a metered dose inhaler yields a fine particle fraction of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate which is at least 35 weight %, preferably at least 40 weight % and more preferably at least 45 weight % of the emitted dose of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate.
 35. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of the preceding claims in the form of a suspension.
 36. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1 to 34 in the form of a solution.
 37. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is free of perforated microstructures.
 38. A sealed container that contains a pharmaceutical composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to
 37. 39. The sealed container of claim 38 which is an uncoated aluminium can.
 40. The sealed container of claim 38 or claim 39 which is a pressurized aerosol container for use with a metered dose inhaler (MDI).
 41. A metered dose inhaler (MDI) fitted with a sealed container as claimed in claim
 40. 42. The metered dose inhaler of claim 41 which comprises a nozzle and valve assembly attached to the pressurized aerosol container and a gasket made from an elastomeric material selected from EPDM, chlorobutyl, bromobutyl and cycloolefin copolymer rubbers to provide a seal between the container and the nozzle/valve assembly.
 43. A method for treating a patient suffering or likely to suffer from a respiratory disorder which comprises administering to the patient a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to
 37. 44. The method of claim 43, wherein the respiratory disorder is asthma or a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
 45. The method of claim 43 or 44, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is delivered to the patient using a metered dose inhaler (MDI).
 46. A method of improving the stability of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a propellant component and a drug component comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate, said method comprising using a propellant component comprising 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a).
 47. The method of claim 46, further comprising selecting the components and conditions for the preparation of the pharmaceutical composition to maintain the water content of the pharmaceutical composition below 500 ppm, preferably below 100 ppm, more preferably below 50 ppm, still more preferably below 10 ppm and particularly below 5 ppm based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
 48. The method of claim 46 or 47, wherein the oxygen content of the resulting pharmaceutical composition is below 1000 ppm, preferably below 500 ppm, more preferably below 100 ppm and particularly below 50 ppm based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
 49. The method of any one of claims 46 to 48, wherein the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate is glycopyrronium bromide.
 50. The method of any one of claims 46 to 49, wherein the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate is in a micronized form.
 51. The method of any one of claims 46 to 50, wherein the drug component additionally comprises at least one long acting beta-2-agonist (LABA).
 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the at least one long acting beta-2-agonist is selected from the group consisting of indacaterol, olodaterol, formoterol, vilanterol and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 53. The method of claim 52, wherein the at least one long acting beta-2-agonist is selected from the group consisting of indacaterol and indacaterol maleate.
 54. The method of any one of claims 51 to 53, wherein the at least one long acting beta-2-agonist is in a micronized form.
 55. The method of any one of claims 46 to 54, wherein the drug component additionally comprises at least one corticosteroid.
 56. The method of claim 55, wherein the at least one corticosteroid is selected from the group consisting of budesonide, mometasone, beclomethasone, fluticasone and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 57. The method of claim 56, wherein the at least one corticosteroid is selected from the group consisting of budesonide, beclomethasone, beclomethasone dipropionate, fluticasone furoate and fluticasone propionate.
 58. The method of any one of claims 55 to 57, wherein the at least one corticosteroid is in a micronized form.
 59. The method of any one of claims 46 to 58, wherein the drug component comprises from 0.01 to 2.5 weight %, preferably from 0.01 to 2.0 weight %, more preferably from 0.05 to 2.0 weight % and especially from 0.05 to 1.5 weight % of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
 60. The method of any one of claims 46 to 59, wherein the propellant component comprises from 80.0 to 99.99 weight %, preferably from 90.0 to 99.99 weight %, more preferably from 96.5 to 99.99 weight % and especially from 97.5 to 99.95 weight % of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
 61. The method of any one of claims 46 to 60, wherein at least 90 weight %, preferably at least 95 weight % and more preferably at least 99 weight % of the propellant component is 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a).
 62. The method of any one of claims 46 to 60, wherein the propellant component is entirely 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a).
 63. The method of claim 61 or 62, wherein the propellant component contains from 0.5 to 10 ppm, e.g. from 1 to 5 ppm, of unsaturated impurities.
 64. The method of any one of claims 46 to 63, wherein at least 95 weight %, preferably at least 98 weight % and more preferably at least 99 weight % of the pharmaceutical composition consists of the drug component and the propellant component.
 65. The method of any one of claims 46 to 64, wherein the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a surfactant component comprising at least one surfactant compound.
 66. The method of claim 65, wherein the surfactant component comprises at least one surfactant compound selected from polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol surfactants, oleic acid and lecithin.
 67. The method of any one of claims 46 to 66 further comprising a polar excipient.
 68. The method of claim 67, wherein the polar excipient is ethanol.
 69. The method of any one of claims 46 to 66, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is free of polar excipients.
 70. The method of any one of claims 46 to 66, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is free of ethanol.
 71. The method of any one of claims 46 to 63, wherein the pharmaceutical composition consists entirely of the drug component and the propellant component.
 72. The method of any one of claims 46 to 71, wherein the pharmaceutical composition after storage in uncoated aluminium containers at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity for 3 months will produce less than 1.0% by weight, preferably less than 0.8% by weight and more preferably less than 0.6% by weight of impurities from the degradation of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate based on the total weight of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate and the impurities.
 73. The method of any one of claims 46 to 72, wherein the pharmaceutical composition after storage in uncoated aluminium containers at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity for 3 months will produce less than 1.2% by weight, preferably less than 1.0% by weight and more preferably less than 0.8% by weight of impurities from the degradation of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate based on the total weight of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate and the impurities.
 74. The method of any one of claims 46 to 73, wherein at least 95.0% by weight, preferably at least 96.0% by weight and more preferably at least 97.0% by weight of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate that is contained originally in the pharmaceutical composition immediately following preparation will be present in the composition after storage in uncoated aluminium containers at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity for 3 months and after storage in uncoated aluminium containers at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity for 3 months.
 75. The method of any one of claims 46 to 73, wherein at least 95.0%, preferably at least 96.0% and more preferably at least 97.0% of the original pharmaceutical activity of the composition is retained after storage in uncoated aluminium containers at 25° C. and 60% relative humidity for 3 months and after storage in uncoated aluminium containers at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity for 3 months.
 76. The method of any one of claims 46 to 75, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a suspension.
 77. The method of any one of claims 46 to 75, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a solution.
 78. The method of any one of claims 46 to 77 which is free of acid stabilisers.
 79. The method of any one of claims 46 to 78, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is free of perforated microstructures.
 80. A method of improving the aerosolization performance of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a propellant component and a drug component comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate, said method comprising using a propellant component comprising 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a).
 81. The method of claim 80, wherein the method provides a pharmaceutical composition which when delivered from a metered dose inhaler yields a fine particle fraction of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate which is at least 35 weight %, preferably at least 40 weight % and more preferably at least 45 weight % of the emitted dose of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate.
 82. The method of claim 81, wherein the fine particle fraction of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate in the emitted dose is at least 35 weight %, preferably at least 40 weight % and more preferably at least 45 weight of the emitted dose of the at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate after storage of the pharmaceutical composition for 1 month at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity.
 83. The method of any one of claims 80 to 82, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to
 37. 84. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the drug component comprises glycopyrronium bromide, indacaterol and fluticasone propionate and the fine particle fraction of each drug in the emitted dose when the pharmaceutical composition is delivered from a metered dose inhaler is at least 35 weight %, preferably at least 40 weight % and more preferably at least 45 weight % of the emitted dose of that drug.
 85. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 84, wherein the fine particle fractions of the glycopyrronium bromide, indacaterol and fluticasone propionate in the emitted dose are observed after storage for 1 month at 40° C. and 75% relative humidity.
 86. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 84 or 85, wherein the composition contains less than 500 ppm, preferably less than 100 ppm, more preferably less than 50 ppm, still more preferably less than 10 ppm and especially less than 5 ppm of water based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
 87. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 84 to 86, wherein the drug component comprises from 0.01 to 2.5 weight %, preferably from 0.01 to 2.0 weight %, more preferably from 0.05 to 2.0 weight % and especially from 0.05 to 1.5 weight % of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
 88. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 84 to 87, wherein the propellant component comprises from 80.0 to 99.99 weight %, preferably from 90.0 to 99.99 weight %, more preferably from 96.5 to 99.99 weight % and especially from 97.5 to 99.95 weight % of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
 89. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 84 to 88, wherein at least 90 weight %, preferably at least 95 weight % and more preferably at least 99 weight % of the propellant component is 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a).
 90. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 84 to 88, wherein the propellant component is entirely 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a).
 91. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 89 or 90, wherein the propellant component contains from 0.5 to 10 ppm, e.g. from 1 to 5 ppm, of unsaturated impurities.
 92. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 84 to 91, wherein at least 95 weight %, preferably at least 98 weight % and more preferably at least 99 weight % of the composition consists of the two components (i) and (ii).
 93. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 84 to 92 further comprising a surfactant component comprising at least one surfactant compound.
 94. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 93, wherein the surfactant component comprises at least one surfactant compound selected from polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol surfactants, oleic acid and lecithin.
 95. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 84 to 94 further comprising a polar excipient.
 96. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 95, wherein the polar excipient is ethanol.
 97. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 84 to 94 which is free of polar excipients.
 98. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 84 to 91 which consists entirely of the two components (i) and (ii).
 99. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 84 to 97 which is free of acid stabilisers.
 100. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 84 to 99, wherein the composition contains less than 1000 ppm, preferably less than 500 ppm, more preferably less than 100 ppm and particularly less than 50 ppm of oxygen based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
 101. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 84 to 100, wherein the glycopyrronium bromide, indacaterol and fluticasone propionate are each in a micronized form.
 102. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 84 to 101, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is free of perforated microstructures.
 103. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1 to 37 and 84 to 102, wherein the propellant component has a global warming potential (GWP) of less than 250, preferably less than 200 and more preferably less than
 150. 104. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 8 to 15 and 84 to 103 which is adapted to deliver the compounds making up the drug component in approximately the same proportions that they occur in the pharmaceutical composition.
 105. The sealed container as claimed in any one of claims 38 to 40, wherein the propellant component has a global warming potential (GWP) of less than 250, preferably less than 200 and more preferably less than
 150. 106. The metered dose inhaler of claim 41, wherein the propellant component has a global warming potential (GWP) of less than 250, preferably less than 200 and more preferably less than
 150. 107. A method of reducing the global warming potential (GWP) of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a drug component comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt of glycopyrrolate, especially glycopyrronium bromide, and a propellant component, said method comprising using a propellant component comprising 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a).
 108. The method of claim 107, wherein at least 90 weight %, preferably at least 95 weight % and more preferably at least 99 weight % of the propellant component used is 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a).
 109. The method of claim 107, wherein the propellant component used is entirely 1,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a).
 110. The method of claim 107, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is as claimed in any one of claims 1 to
 37. 111. The method of any one of claims 46 to 83 and 107 to 110, wherein the propellant component used has a global warming potential (GWP) of less than 250, preferably less than 200 and more preferably less than
 150. 